This paper examines the funding sources of SPACE industry. First, an overview of the SPACE economy and investment flows in the industry is presented. Long-run trends indicate an increase in public and PRIVATE investment in the SPACE industry. Government funding is the most important source of funding for SPACE programs. Also, the international cooperations in this industry has played a significant role in the development path of SPACE activities. On the other hand, more applications in the services and other economic sectors has increased the entry incentives for PRIVATE investors. Therefore, financing SPACE projects through PRIVATE funds is also one of the growing trends in the SPACE industry. The findings show that the shift of governments from construction investments to commercialization investments. In contrast, the increasing application of SPACE activities and the digitalization pattern of the industry have paved the way for micro-actors to enter with less financial resources.

The 1967 Outer SPACE Treaty led to the development of national SPACE programs by certain governments in relation to national SPACE activities. However, the commencement of SPACE activities does not date back solely to this treaty. This treaty is also perceived as a reaction to the SPACE activities of pioneering nations, as legal events are not always the result of a sudden occurrence but can be influenced by previously implemented programs. The program itself is also considered a process aimed at achieving a desired goal. Therefore, on one hand, a government's domestic programs and practices, within the framework of soft law, if widely accepted by other states, can lead to the formation of norms and customary international law. Customary international law, in turn, has the potential to create legal effects according to the provision in Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. On the other hand, Article 6 of the aforementioned treaty anticipates the SPACE activities of PRIVATE entities. Given that we are witnessing the involvement of PRIVATE companies such as SPACEX, under the international responsibility of their respective governments, competing with other states to reap SPACE benefits, the importance of this issue has led the present article to focus on the status of PRIVATE entities in the SPACE laws and programs of certain governments.

Despite the importance of urban green SPACEs in order to achieve sustainable development goals with growth and urbanization, green SPACEs have been severely damaged in the physical structure of cities. Rules and regulations are always considered the most important legal instruments for governments to protect the environment. In our country, despite numerous environmental rules and regulations, the trend of the destruction of green SPACEs continues through change of land use, and so on. This study tries to address the strengths and weaknesses of executive guarantees in the current laws of the country in the field of urban PRIVATE green SPACE. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical. this article deals with the rules and regulations related to urban green SPACE, in relation to the existing legal challenges in current laws and offering solutions. According to the analysis of legal guarantees in the field of urban PRIVATE green SPACE, despite several existences in this field such as financial crimes, imprisonment and. . . perhaps one of the most important missing points in this guarantee, they are in the implementation stage, which means that there may be good guarantees in the rules but they are not implemented or neglected by the executors in the implementation phase. The results of this study indicate that the laws related to green SPACE in Iran are old and have many criticisms but in some cases can not meet the needs of support and also the preservation of urban green SPACE. Perhaps it can be said that the missing link in these laws is the incorrect implementation of the legal and penal guarantees provided in the laws.

The context and purpose of laws and regulations has always been one of the most important and effective tools of governments to preserve the fundamental values of society; Thus, since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, environmental values have been defined as one of the fundamental values of human society. All countries are required to develop safeguards to protect the environment. One of the important components of the environment is vegetation, which is known in cities as urban green SPACE. In Iran, several environmental laws have been developed at various levels, including legal, criminal, administrative and regulations. Therefore, laws and regulations are set and developed as tools of urban decision-making structure in order to protect and preserve these SPACEs in order to achieve the goals of urban sustainability and environmental justice. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical which has been tried to collect laws, regulations related to the preservation and development of urban green SPACE and also to identify challenges, gaps and shortcomings in the implementation and legal maintenance and development of urban green SPACEs and its privacy, take action. One of the most important laws in the field of urban green SPACE is the bill on protection and expansion of green SPACE in cities (approved in 1980) and the law amending the law on protection and expansion of green SPACE in cities (approved in 2009). In order to preserve and develop urban green SPACEs, these laws have resorted to some legal and more criminal enforcement guarantees. The results of this study indicate that the laws and regulations related to green SPACE in Iran are old and have many gaps and criticisms and in some cases it seems that it cannot meet the support needs as well as the development and maintenance of urban green SPACE.

Background and Aim: Quality of services in hospitals should be continuously evaluated in terms of structure, process, and outcome. The purpose of this study was to compare patient satisfaction, physical SPACE and medical equipment between governmental and privative hospitals in Qom, Iran.Material and Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, 500 patients from selected Qom hospitals were recruited based on stratified random sampling. Data were collected by patient satisfaction form and assessment check lists of physical atmosphere and medical equipments. Data were analyzed by SPSS, version 11.5. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.Results: Patient satisfaction in inpatient and emergency wards of governmental hospitals were, respectively %69 and %71/14. Patient satisfaction in inpatient and emergency wards of privative hospitals were %80 and %78, respectively. General and emergency wards of governmental hospitals were somewhat equipped with medical equipments. Physical atmosphere, in terms of facilities and the building, was acceptable in general and relatively acceptable in emergency wards of governmental hospitals. This atmosphere was relatively acceptable for both general and emergency wards of privative hospitals.Conclusion: Satisfaction among patients was relatively good. It is possible to improve satisfaction through increasing the visiting time, improving quality of lavatories, and modifying personnel interactions with the patients. Also, promoting medical equipments and physical SPACE can improve the situation according to organizational goals.

Public sphere plays an important role in individual and social life so that its weakness facilitates illegal behavior and may orientate individuals toward violence and crim. The present analysis deals with such key research questions as what are the impacts of the weakness of public sphere on PRIVATE spheres particularly family? How does it affect the tendency of youth and adolescents toward cyber and virtual spheres? Whether and how it may lead them towards violence and crime? The present analysis focuses on these key research questions and tries to explore the consequences of the weakness of public sphere on tendency towards cyber sphere, violence and crime which in turn will damage individual morality and civic commitment.

The aim of this paper, using a combination approach for fuzzy hierarchical analysis and balanced score card to assess the business climate in the industry in Iran. In the first part of the situation and favorable business environment in more reviews and Economic Intelligence Unit the results based on four aspects of balanced score card categories are analyzed. Indicators extracting fuzzy hierarchical analysis process has been weighted in proportion to their empowerment strategies for PRIVATE sector survey design experts and 62 major strategies to identify and then select the most effective strategies to prioritize TOPSIS method used and finally 16 poll Grand strategy was selected. Appropriate strategies and operational solutions to the above interviews with experts and Library Studies to identify and extract the most effective solutions, expert persons development organizations affiliated to the Ministry of Industries and Mines of choice (a total of 30 organizations from every 5 persons) and questionnaire design those with the most important guidelines applicable to the study population and a total of 64 large-scale solution, was selected.

It is henceforth a commonplace; the science-fiction would be a refractory genre by nature against the definitive assimilation to the literary mainstream. We can say that the usual thematic of the genre, to which is added the irresistible propensity to prospect the future in all its forms, immunizes the SF against the “academic confinement” to the benefit of other forms of confinement. Indeed, the SF belongs to the great family of the paraliterature where the more or less listed subgenres are waiting to receive a likely definition. Popular genre which relies on a remarkable poetic, the SF is an open place to the imagination, to the verbal and the figurative creativity. It owns itself its subgenres, among other things, the SPACE opera which was, in a way, the original matrix of the speculative fiction and of its contemporary imitators. The Sternberg’s work did not have a special vocation to feed the already rich world of the science-fiction. It constitutes however a new step liable to bring a touch of self-reflexivity, we will notice that, to the history of this genre. French: “Le Navigateur” de Jacques Sternberg ou la phylogenese parodiee du SPACE opera C’est dorenavant un lieu commun, la science-fiction serait un genre par nature refractaire a l’assimilation definitive au mainstream litteraire. Nous dirons que les thematiques habituelles du genre, auxquelles viennent se meler l’irresistible propension a prospecter l’avenir sous toutes ses formes, immunisent la SF contre “l’enfermement academique” au profit d’un enfermement d’un autre genre. En effet, celle-ci appartient, comme on le sait, a la grande famille de la paralitterature ou se cotoient les sous-genres plus ou moins repertories en attente de recevoir un semblant de definition. Genre populaire s’appuyant sur une poetique singuliere, la SF est un lieu ouvert a l’imagination, a la creativite verbale et figurative. Elle possede elle-meme ses sous-genres, entre autres, le SPACE opera qui fut en quelque sorte la matrice originelle de la fiction speculative et de ses emules contemporaines. L’oeuvre sternbergienne n’eut guere pour vocation de nourrir le repertoire deja riche de la science-fiction. Elle constitue neanmoins une etape non repertoriee susceptible d’apporter, nous le constaterons, une touche d’auto-reflexivite a l’histoire du genre.Keywords: Jacques Sternberg, Nouvelle, Science-Fiction, SPACE Opera, Aventure, Fiction Speculative